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Heat pumps can't take the cold? Nordics debunk the myth
(techxplore.com)
This is a most excellent place for technology news and articles.
It seems to me like you're describing the genetic problem of having an undersized heating system, not anything specific to heat pumps. I'm positive heat pumps exist that are equal in capacity to whatever furnace you have.
It does sound like in your case improving your house's insulation would be a better investment than installing a new heating system though.