Booting the kernel directly via EFIStub from the firmware is certainly an interesting idea, although it sounds like a potential pain to manage updates. Will definitely take a look down that rabbit hole though. =)

rEFInd is finally a reasonable boot loader. It and ventoy might finally make dual boot Linux + windows viable

Hard same. systemd-boot is about as tricky as, say, syslinux (which I used to use) to get working, which is itself far simpler to work with than GRUB ever was.

personally for me, grub beaks when sdax changes but, in systemd boot doesn't. this is my main reason to prefer it. easy access to boot configuration is a plus i guess.

GRUB is just very complex and systemd-boot rather simple.

Well, except the Systemd part. Efistub or Refind it is for me.

'Normal' Mint is still based on Ubuntu, but there is LMDE (Linux Mint Debian Edition), which is Debian based.

Microsoft doesn't own the standard. It's actually an open standard maintained and contributed to by a whole host of technology companies. This is contrary to the old BIOS method which was originally proprietary to IBM.

The fact they have such wide authority in signing is a product of how wide-reaching their market share it. They essentially mandate that OEMs include their signing keys in the signature database if their systems are to ship with Windows, thus making them a de facto authority on what gets signed. This was a point that made a lot of people in the FOSS community uncomfortable and still does to this day, although if one wants they can actually take full control of the Secure Boot process by replacing the Platform Key (PK) with their own. This gives ultimate control to the owner of the machine as they can then replace the Key Exchange Keys to allow them to replace Microsoft's keys within the signature database (db). This completely removes reliance on any third party signatures and enables ditching the first-stage Shim bootloader from the boot flow entirely, since the owner could just sign whichever bootloader they wanted to use directly with their own key in the database. As it would require manually signing everything from the bootloader to the kernel and its modules though, including re-signing them after updates, this is definitely a much more involved way of doing things although arguably even more secure as the system would be entirely locked down to only binaries signed by its owner at that point.

As to why they don't sign GRUB, it's about licensing. Since GRUB is GPLv3, there are provisions in the license that Microsoft interprets as potentially mandating them to disclose their private key to facilitate users installing modified versions of it. Ubuntu came to the same conclusion when contemplating how to deal with Secure Boot back in the day, where they wanted to provide an alternative to the Microsoft keys by having Canonical's keys also shipped with firmware, although proliferation of their keys is a lot less widespread and in some peoples' eyes not all that much different than just using VeriSign's service for the Microsoft keys anyway.

You can put your own keys in on many motherboards using some of the command line EFI tools, but you would have to basically recompile everything from scratch using your keys to get them to run. I.e. might as well switch to gentoo at that point.

On the other hand, Microsoft's keys are a common target and if the distro is partners with MS, they can have their packages signed with the MS keys. This is technically less secure as the key is widely shared and if it gets cracked somehow, anyone using it is compromised. But it's a "good enough" solution for many who care to use secureboot at all.

Personally I just turn it off, and I haven't experienced any attacks on my machines over the last decade that would take advantage of something that low level. Then again, I'm very careful with what I download and who I open emails from, etc.

Good question! There's a few reasons, I guess:

• There's a large element of "because I can" to this, just to explore how stupid the scope of systemd is as a suite.
• There's a small practical element. GRUB itself is quite a hefty tool to accommodate all kinds of boot setups, and it works well. If you have a simple boot setup though you could probably shave a couple of seconds off of the boot time just by using the simplified sd-boot and loading the kernel via its EFIStub.
• A learning exercise in self-signing EFI binaries, enrolling a MOK (if I use Shim), and setting up scripts to handle updates.

All boils down to my enjoyment of doing weird nerdy things though, ultimately. =)

What do you mean by that? TPM and Secure boot do not manage encryption, but rather authentication and key management aspects. You still need an unencrypted UEFI partition storing your EFI binaries. This partition is always readable by an attacker, however any changes to binaries will make booting fail. Also no secrets should be stored here.

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Nope. You sign with the private key and verify with the public key. Basically you use the private key to do stuff only you should be able to do and the public key is used by the public to verify it was you who did it.