this post was submitted on 30 Jun 2025
79 points (100.0% liked)

chapotraphouse

13919 readers
782 users here now

Banned? DM Wmill to appeal.

No anti-nautilism posts. See: Eco-fascism Primer

Slop posts go in c/slop. Don't post low-hanging fruit here.

founded 4 years ago
MODERATORS
 

Patrice Emery Lumumba was born on 2 July 1925, at Onalua village near the Katako-Kombe Town in the Sankuru district of north-eastern Kasai, Congo (modern day the Democratic Republic of Congo). . Lumumba’s tribe was the Batetela (Tetela) which is a dynamic branch of the Mongo-Nkutshu family of central Congo. He grew up in a mud-brick house. The Congo was a colony of Belgium and, as such, he attended both Protestant and Catholic schools run by white Belgian missionaries. Lumumba was intelligent and used to ask too many problematic questions

Lumumba was ambitious and aimed for social mobility, predominantly to form part of the “evolue”, the upper strata of the middle class; the highest-level indigenous Congolese could attain in the Belgian colony. His first employment was at the Postal Office as a postal clerk in Stanleyville City in 1954. However, Lumumba was accused of embezzlement and was jailed in 1955. Due to an extensive interview with King Baudouin, when he visited the Congo in 1955, Lumumba’s sentence was reduced in 1956. Lumumba, after working for almost three years,was appointed as the sales director for a brewery company in Léopoldville (currently known as Kinshasa) in 1957. This is how Lumumba left Stanleyville (currently known as Kisangani) for the Congo's capital city, Kinshasa.

While Lumumba was working in Stanleyville, he joined the Belgian Liberal Political Party. When he relocated to Léopoldville to work at the brewery, he helped to find the Movement National Congolais (MNC) political party. Lumumba's good personality and public speaking skills won him many admirers, making him a focal point within the party. While in prison in 1955, Lumumba reconsidered his status as an evolue and made a major shift towards Pan-Africanism and Congolese nationalism. The notion of nationalism enabled different ethnic groups that made up the Congolese society to come together and fight against colonial economic exploitation, political repression and cultural oppression.

The Belgian led government, in 1959, announced that Congolese local elections should take place within five years to full Congolese independence. At the Luluabourg Congress meeting in April 1959, various political groups and some members of MNC that favoured a unitary form of government for the Congo chose Lumumba to lead them. Within the MNC, however, there were other leaders that considered Lumumba’s views as radical and not good for the nation. It is argued that the result of this difference of opinion, was a split in the MNC party in July 1959 with a majority of the members following Albert Kalonji. Even though Lumumba had left Stanleyville , he was briefly detained on charges of encouraging the outbreak of riots in Stanleyville in November 1959. He was released from detention in time to attend the Round Table Conference in Brussels which paved the way for Congo’s general elections. Lumumba was an effective speaker in each of the Congo's major vehicular languages as well as in French when compared to other Congolese leaders and this helped his campaigning.

After the May 1960 general elections, Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 with Lumumba as the leader of the largest single party. He was selected to become the Congo's first prime minister and his political rival, Joseph Kasavubu, became president of the Congo.

As the prime minister, Lumumba faced sudden emergencies.The Congolese elite feared Lumumba’s notion of nationalism and participatory democracy and thus they started revolting against him. The revolt of the army and the secession of the provinces of Katanga and Southern Kasai were further emergencies. Lumumba sent Congolese troops to Southern Kasai province in attempt to restore the situation but the poorly trained soldiers killed thousands of Congolese civilians. The United Nations, through Secretary General Hammerskjöld, blamed Lumumba for the massacre of civilians. Lumumba disliked Belgium and the UN for not helping to restore order and unity in Congo. The Congolese elite conspired with foreign states, specifically the CIA and US administration, to get rid of Lumumba. When Lumumba asked for military help from the Soviet Union against the secessionist provinces of Southern Kasai and Katanga, President Kasavubu dismissed him from office on 5th September 1960. This was the beginning of the end of the political life of Patrice Lumumba. The Congolese National Assembly disagreed with the decision of the president and ordered Lumumba back in power as prime minister. This did not happen since a faction of the Congolese army, under Colonel Mobutu, took over the government instead and put Lumumba under the house arrest under the protection of Ghanaian troops of the UN force. Lumumba managed to get out of the house arrest in Kinshasa and attempted to leave for Stanleyville, but he was arrested by an army patrol and held prisoner in a military camp at Thysville.

From the military camp, Lumumba was transferred to Elisabethville, Katanga on January 18, 1961 despite the presence of United Nations troops, he was picked up by a small group led by Katanga's interior minister, Godefroid Munongo. Lumumba was taken to a nearby house where he was assassinated.

Lumumba's assassination made him a symbol of struggle for champions of African nations' attempts to bond and set themselves free from the influence of the European Colonizers.

Patrice Émery Lumumba - South Africa history online

Why Patrice Lumumba Was a Threat

How the West Destroyed Congo’s Hopes for Independence

reminders:

  • 💚 You nerds can join specific comms to see posts about all sorts of topics
  • 💙 Hexbear’s algorithm prioritizes comments over upbears
  • 💜 Sorting by new you nerd
  • 🐶 Join the unofficial Hexbear-adjacent Mastodon instance toots.matapacos.dog

Links To Resources (Aid and Theory):

Aid:

Theory:

top 50 comments
sorted by: hot top controversial new old
[–] Carl@hexbear.net 5 points 1 hour ago (2 children)

I can't really explain why but I fucking hate the Simpsons. I hate the golden era, I hate the trash era, I hate the modern era. I hate hate hate this show so much just looking at that particular shade of yellow puts me on edge.

The best reason I can come up with is that it's ugly and I don't like looking at it, but even that doesn't really explain it because most American cartoons are ugly as sin but I only feel this way about the Simpsons.

[–] Dort_Owl@hexbear.net 2 points 14 minutes ago
[–] KuroXppi@hexbear.net 4 points 16 minutes ago

wdym how can you hate this milhouse

[–] Carl@hexbear.net 6 points 3 hours ago* (last edited 3 hours ago) (4 children)

Maybe there's a Star Wars book that explains this that I haven't read, but in my head it works like this:

In Episode 1 Qui Gon says that he has "twenty thousand Republic daltarits (?)", which Watto calls "Republic Credits" and dismisses, saying he needs "something more real." This clearly communicates to me that the Republic officially uses a digital currency that merchants on planets like Tatooine don't trust. It being a digital currency also tracks with the fact that we know Qui Gon isn't carrying more than can fit in his robe pockets/tool belt, so it's probably some kind of credit chip that gets loaded with operational funds and given to Jedi who are on assignment, secured by some cryptographic measure that can only be decrypted at an officially sanctioned Republic bank.

now I'm imagining a Jedi Master having to fill out an expenditure form when they get back from a mission, lmao.

But what about the physical currency in Andor and The Mandolorian? Well, the distrust for Republican digital currency in the Outer Rim might be more materialistic than it initially seems. Hyperspace Travel is known in-universe to be somewhat unreliable, with ships needing to calculate their travel vectors right before launch and hyperspace lanes needing to be trailblazed in highly dangerous scouting missions. Those barriers form the physical limits of the Star Wars universe and make a centralized galactic banking system impossible to establish.

So how does a galaxy-spanning economy do business when banks on different planets can't reliably synchronize their books? Specie. At the end of A New Hope, we see Han Solo loading metal boxes onto a cart to take to his ship, boxes which the conversation implies to be his payment for helping to rescue Princess Leia. Someone like Han Solo, who travels from planet to planet and mostly in the Outer Rim, probably doesn't trust Republic/Imperial digital credits any more than Watto does, and both he and the Rebellion also have a preference for transactions that don't get logged in any digital ledger, so a payment in specie was the obvious way to go.

We see multiple kinds of hard currency in The Mandolorian's first episode, there's bricks of precious metal and squishy blocks of alien gelatin, and then there are Imperial credits. Imperial credits "still spend", but Mando clearly doesn't trust them, implying that their value has plummeted. What could account for this? Perhaps the Empire was trying to unite the specie-based outer rim economy with the digital core worlds economy by issuing its own physical currency that was directly tied to the digital currency's value.

Presumably, Imperial credits derived a certain amount of their value by fiat, likely because the Empire accepted them as payment for taxes, but with the Empire's collapse the value of Imperial credits dropped to their floor, the value of the metal that they were made from. We also know that the Empire minted multiple kinds of metal into currency, since Mando is paid for one of his jobs with imperial credits made from beskar which are clearly much more valuable than the normal ones, so some people left holding the Imperial Credits bag got shafted harder than others, further contributing to their reputation for volatility and unreliability.

Of course there's also the vault of physical currency in Andor Season 1, which is the payroll for every Imperial soldier and official in the sector. Since this planet's in the outer rim it fits with the model I've constructed, because Imperial workers stationed outside of the core worlds would prefer to be paid in a currency that they can spend on the local economy, and it's the height of the Empire so the credits have their full fiat value and not just their metal value. Another major plot in Andor is Mon Mothma's difficulty moving her money without attracting Imperial attention, a subplot which also fits in perfectly with my model of transactions in the core worlds being mostly done via digital ledgers.

All of this eventually leads to the New Republic which... we don't see. The only economy we see clearly depicted in the Sequel trilogy is on Jakku where salvagers like Rey are paid in "portions" by their boss. There's what looks like a marketplace near where Rey gets paid, so it's possible that the "portions" have a cash or commodity value and can be traded. It's also possible that the marketplace is owned by the same people reselling the salvage and it's essentially a company store. It definitely gives "third world workers doing shipbreaking for pennies" vibes, whatever the details are.

[–] Euergetes@hexbear.net 1 points 19 minutes ago

imo the system is unified, the 'specie' transactions are either bartering or because paper cash seems too inauthentic to the setting for artists. i think it was the clone wars show that established the specie-aesthetic as their solution to depicting cash exchanges, and used things that look like miniature metal bars.

i don't think these objects need to be interpreted as not directly equivalent and exchangable to a digital form though. watto can be explained by not being in the republic, and i'm pretty sure the bar-coins are used in the core worlds in the clone wars. it's just cash in a setting that is based in the past and hates doing science fiction.

[–] anaesidemus@hexbear.net 1 points 15 minutes ago

I want to know more about the Calamari? Kalamari? sticky fish credits we saw in Mandalorian. Can you eat them? Do they go bad? How are they made?

[–] thelastaxolotl@hexbear.net 3 points 2 hours ago* (last edited 2 hours ago)

To me Watto denying payment from republic credits was more like not accepting being paid with foreign money (like not accepting canadian dollars) since they were on Hutt space and its de facto an independent state from the Republic, also im sure physical version of republic galactic credits exist too, since i remember seeing them on the clone wars show (but they could also be the currency native to that system) (edit: hutt space uses peggats as currency )

but the Outer rim (plus hutt space) being more decentralized and prefering bartering is a trope a lot of star wars media uses plus the intergalactic banking clan is the most popular financial institution in the outer rim and they were different from the banks that ruled the core so the core worlds banks could be using a digitalized system like a modern bank while the IGBC is more like an old 18th century bank accepting bartering and non cash as payment and mostly moving physical currency, also i think imperial and republic credits are the same currency but they changed name with empire day, maybe with the fall of the empire the New Republic changed to a different currency in other to stay away from the empire's legacy which caused the collapse in the value of the imperial credits except those printed on valuable metals like Beskar and in areas were the imperial warlords are still active.

[–] LocalOaf@hexbear.net 2 points 2 hours ago

Money can be exchanged for goods and services

live-slug-reaction

[–] glimmer_twin@hexbear.net 3 points 2 hours ago (1 children)

I like biting my nails more than I want to stop

[–] Are_Euclidding_Me@hexbear.net 1 points 1 minute ago

Me too. I've managed to find a moderate middle ground where I bite my nails still, but not badly enough to cause trouble. (Mostly. Meetings, car trips, and being drunk still result in too much nail biting)

[–] MF_COOM@hexbear.net 9 points 6 hours ago (3 children)

I'm an ignoramus and I'd heard Argentina's inflation rate was high but I got around to looking at it and like wtf how do you even have a functioning monetary system at all like this this is so fucked

[–] FunkyStuff@hexbear.net 2 points 2 hours ago

ancaptain great problems call for great solutions

last-sight

[–] thelastaxolotl@hexbear.net 2 points 3 hours ago

they dont, last i read they had like 3 different values for the US dollar and companies like huawei started doing business via bartering (phones for beef)

[–] MF_COOM@hexbear.net 4 points 5 hours ago* (last edited 4 hours ago)

Like after covid inflation rates got at high as 8% in my country and people fucking flipped out they haven't had rates as low as that in like over ten years

[–] KuroXppi@hexbear.net 4 points 5 hours ago

In fair Bologna where we tell our tale

[–] acab_means_cop_Dva@hexbear.net 13 points 9 hours ago (1 children)

I don't believe you are legally allowed to call it a Po' Boy if you're charging $18 for it.

[–] Lemmygradwontallowme@hexbear.net 3 points 8 hours ago* (last edited 8 hours ago)

Nah, Mid' Boy, at best

[–] ghosts@hexbear.net 14 points 10 hours ago (1 children)

Finally passed the statute of limitations.

It was me.

I let the dogs out.

[–] GalaxyBrain@hexbear.net 5 points 9 hours ago

Put them back

[–] Euergetes@hexbear.net 4 points 7 hours ago

this is driving me fucking crazy, warlockracy on youtube did a joke in their project tamriel cyrodiil video "they have nothing, they get beaten, and they like it" about morrowind and cyrodiil.

this is a literary reference. when i put the exact quotes into search engines i do not receive where it is from.

[–] infuziSporg@hexbear.net 5 points 7 hours ago (1 children)

Most people are concerned about the price of eggs.
I am concerned about the price of oats.
We are not the same.

[–] Lemmygradwontallowme@hexbear.net 4 points 8 hours ago (1 children)

Thank whatever or whoever, that the news megathread is not in the 1000s of comments

Now that it finally slows down, I can absorb the news.

[–] thelastaxolotl@hexbear.net 4 points 8 hours ago

i think news mods should make contaiment posts at least when 2 big events happen so the news mega doesnt become too hard to navigate

[–] hexaflexagonbear@hexbear.net 7 points 9 hours ago
[–] Euergetes@hexbear.net 5 points 9 hours ago (1 children)

damn they weren't lying running installers thru lutrix is hella slow. maybe a VM was the move but i don't really understand using one and the only advice anyone ever fucking has is the sentence 'run it thru a VM'

[–] Euergetes@hexbear.net 3 points 9 hours ago

also shout out to linux gamers that give you shit for being some hardliner because you don't have a system partition with windows for your games like--i don't even know how to do that shit sorry for asking how to make things work on my actually existing machine angery

[–] LocalOaf@hexbear.net 4 points 9 hours ago

Peter, did you get banished to the lagoon

family-guy-death-pose

aww crap

[–] RuthBaderGonesburg@hexbear.net 7 points 11 hours ago (1 children)

Is Joe Biden still dying of butthole cancer?

[–] KuroXppi@hexbear.net 3 points 5 hours ago (1 children)
[–] DirtyPair@hexbear.net 5 points 5 hours ago

big year for buttholes

[–] GalaxyBrain@hexbear.net 5 points 10 hours ago

The video description for the last Half in The Bag is pretty amazing

[–] wombat@hexbear.net 8 points 12 hours ago (3 children)

it is july 2 and stalin saved the world from fascism

l'chaim stalin

[–] glimmer_twin@hexbear.net 5 points 11 hours ago

Well, he delayed it 80 years or so at least

load more comments (1 replies)
[–] dougfir@hexbear.net 9 points 12 hours ago (1 children)

20 min into the latest chapo and two great mispronunciations from felix: "finnit" for finite and "lat-ent" like latin for latent

[–] NephewAlphaBravo@hexbear.net 3 points 5 hours ago

they shouldn't have made it different from infinite, that's a design problem not a user problem

[–] Lovely_sombrero@hexbear.net 13 points 14 hours ago (1 children)

Apparently, 2024 election denialism is HUGE in lib circles right now. It is amazing that I've barely seen any of it (just some stuff on Reddit). And it seems to be growing more organically than the 2016 "Russia stole the election" stuff, because that was pushed by the liberal media and the DNC itself.

https://thiswillhold.substack.com/p/she-won-they-didnt-just-change-the

load more comments (1 replies)
[–] SterlingPooper@hexbear.net 7 points 12 hours ago

whatever man Bo Burnham told me yuor'e a virgin

load more comments
view more: next ›